Abstract
Internet of Things, in other words, IoT is the future in the Information and
Communication Technology. IoT allows the real-world objects to become intelligent virtual objects which facilitate things to share information and communicate with human and other objects via a network. IoT is not only for sharing and communication but also informs the state of the things. The present study addresses IoT concepts through reviews of research papers, professional discussions with experts in the industry and online forum. Furthermore, this review focuses on definitions, basic requirements, characteristics, issues and technologies and their uses in day to day life. The main objective of this review is to analyze and define a systematic overview of the Internet of Things.
Keywords
Internet of Things, IoT, Smart World, Smart City Green IoT, RFID, Sensors, IoT security
Introduction
The term IoT is not new to a person in the IT industry. Even the small kid who is born at this moment is benefitted from IoT. Actually, all the people, either children or adults are now users of this revolutionary part of the IT industry which is all known as IoT, in other words, the Internet of Things. The Internet of Things defines a practice of connecting appliances and objects to a public network or a private network which was “outside” of the reach of the internet or network connectivity.
This concept facilitates many fields. Health care, transportation, home appliances, smart cities and all the other things which can be touched and seen physically, but connected via a network virtually or manually.
The development of the Internet of Things helps many organizations to monitor and manage their office activities in an effective manner. However, IoT is not restricted or framed only for the corporate world, it is becoming a reliable home friendly IT concept nowadays. Green IoT is the evolving and mostly identified need of the IoT field.
Many researchers and experts in this industry concern about the Green IoT. This Green IoT concept is coming from the Sustainable Smart World concept. However, to make a sustainable smart world, the IoT should be defined with energy efficiency. [2] Even though Green IoT concept is popular among experts in the IT field, many of the researchers and innovators do not give much attention to the green concept.
Internet of Things Genesis and Time Series
Even the IoT is a revolutionary area in Information Technology, there is no unique definition for the Internet of Things. Researchers, Academicians, developers and innovators define IoT in different perspectives and different ways. History of IoT dates the back to late 1990s. Kevil Ashton, Co-Founder of MIT is credited for the creation of the terminology, Internet of Things. [4].
As the postscapes.com website [4] indicates, following are the revolutionary steps towards the development of IoT in the 20th century.
1999: Neil Gershenfeld - spoke about IoT principles in his book named “When
Things Start to Think”.
2000: LG announced its plans for the first Internet of the refrigerator
Google Ngram indicates, how IoT spreads out quickly after the initial stage of the IoT in the 20th century.
Requirements and Technologies
• IoT protocols and standards
As a survey [6], Protocols and Standards to establish IoT in all the following five layers indicated in figure 1 were introduced by different standardization organizations. IEEE, IETF, and ITU are few of them. Moreover, IEEE
mainly works on the data link, IETF works in networks and many other organizations work on the other 3 layers, session, security and management. In addition to Raj Jain survey, Weightless is another novel progressive wireless technology of the IoT MAC layer which is provided by the Weightless special interest group (SIG- a not-for-profit global organization). Two standards can be used under Weightless: Weightless-N and Weightless-W. [7]
When considering the Green IoT concept, EnOcean can be identified as an energy saving wireless technology that is basically used for automation. The main focus is to use efficient and reliable usage of motion or any type of environmental energy source, and transform it into usable power. [8]
• Security requirements
For a secure IoT implementation, several methodologies are identified. To obtain Data privacy, confidentiality and integrity, an encryption mechanism is required. [9] A proper authorization and authentication promise to make a trustworthy environment to have data communication [9]. Further, another paper [10] explains the present evolution for the security of IoT devices. The paper consists of the requirements for IoT security. In addition, the authors give some recommendations for security solutions and implementation instructions which will assist in IoT practice.
• Sensors and RFID
IoT can’t exist without smart sensors. Radiofrequency Identification System (RFID) is a well-known technology as a smart sensor for IoT which is automatic and assists machinery or computational appliances to detect objects or handle individual task via radio waves [1]. Normally, the RFID system contains tags (responders and transmitters) and readers [2]. The tag is a microchip associated with an antenna, that may be connected to an object as the detector of that particular object.
Conclusions
According to researches and discussions, IoT is converting the world into a smart world. As the growth of IoT, people (Innovators, developers and academicians) should concern about the eco-friendly IoT practice which has the least consideration these days. [2] In future, Green IoT concept will rapidly grow up and make a huge change in the IoT industry. Even though the impact of IoT is huge and considerable, security and privacy remain huge problems for the Internet of Things. When considering the online privacy of IoT devices, those devices not only collect personal information like name, contact number but can also identify when the user is at home or how the user spend the lunch time. Therefore, IoT consumers are reluctant to share too much personal data in public or private clouds. [5]
Power is the second most concern topic regarding IoT issues. IoT helps to manage a large number of devices and appliances in a wide area without building them manually. To grow and develop IoT, there should be the lowest power solution for any application. [9]
IoT enables to build smart cities with some automated systems and online systems. Smart City concept is a really interesting concept in the IoT industry. Efficient water supply, reliable public transportation, energy-efficient buildings and improved public safety are key focuses in Smart City concept. [10] As IoT for all [11] illustrates that the Smart Cities Council has defined the smart city as “One that has Digital technology embedded across all city functions”. Furthermore, they say if Smart City were a human body, then the technology used in the smart city would be the nervous system.
As the papers and the online discussions mentioned in this article, IoT can be defined as the most innovative term with some issues regarding security and power consumption. Many research papers only discuss the new inventions and new applications of IoT, but few researchers have concerned about the Green IoT Concept and the energy consumption of IoT. It would be a very special area to be filled and covered in the near future definitely.
The concept, Smart World can only be obtained by focusing on the concepts, Smart Home and Smart City. The new era of the IoT should be concerned about those two concepts unless discussing the IoT appliances which are already available.
References
[1] IoT For All. (2019). What Is the Internet of Things (IoT)? [online] Available at: https://www.iotforall.com/what-is-the-internet-of-things/ [Accessed 5 Mar, 2019].
[2] Chunsheng Zhu (Student Member, IEEE), Victor C. M. Leung, (Fellow, IEEE),
Lei Shu, (Member, IEEE), and Edith C.-H. Ngai, (Senior Member, IEEE) Green IoT 2015
[3] Postscapes. Internet of Things (IoT) History | Postscapes. [online] Available at: https://www.postscapes.com/internet-of-things-history/ [Accessed 3 Mar, 2019].
[4] EnOcean, “EnOcean – The World of Energy Harvesting Wireless Technology,”
2015,
[5] Minhaj Ahmad Khan, Khaled Salah, “ IoT Security” 2017
[6] K. Moore, R. Barnes, H. Tschofenig, “Best Current Practices for Securing Internet of Things (IoT) Devices,” IETF Draft, Oct. 2016, https://tools.ietf.org/html/draftmoore-iot-security-bcp-00 (Accessed 5 Mar, 2019).
[7] A Survey of Protocols and Standards for Internet of Things. [online] Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320616226_A_Survey_of_Protocols_and_St andards_for_Internet_of_Things [Accessed 4 Mar, 2019].
[8] X.L. Jia, Q.Y. Feng, C.Z. Ma, “An efficient anti-collision protocol for RFID tag identification,” IEEE Communications Letters, vol.14, no.11, pp.1014-1016, 2010. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5585623 [ Accessed 4 Mar, 2019]
[9] R Singhe, G Bedi, G K Venyagamoorthy (2016) Navigating the challenges of
Internet of Things (IoT) for power and energy systems - IEEE Conference
[10] IoT Applications for Smart Cities. [online] https://internet-of-thingsinnovation.com/insights/the-blog/iot-applications-smart-cities/#.XH9P7YgzZEY [Accessed 1 Mar, 2019]
[11] NFC and the Internet of Things [online] https://nfc-forum.org/nfc-and-theinternet-of-things/ [Accessed 3 Mar, 2019]
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